Before a scaffold is moved, each employee on the scaffold shall be made aware of the move. All ladders used in conjunction with step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds shall meet the pertinent requirements of subpart X of this part -- Stairways and Ladders, except that job-made ladders shall not be used to support such scaffolds. Knowledge of the basic anatomy of the spine, muscles, and joints of the trunk The scaffold must rest on a firm foundation, be plumb and braced to prevent swaying. A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground in which the depth is greater than the width with the width not to exceed 15 feet Splice plates of other materials of equivalent strength may be used. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Ladder Jack Scaffold. Do Not Try To Drive More Than______Hours In Any One Day. When moving platforms to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new end frames have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms. These hooks shall be so placed that they will prevent the platform from falling if one of the horizontal wire ropes breaks. Bearers shall extend beyond the posts and runners, and shall provide full contact with the coupler. Light metal-type platforms having a rated capacity of 750 pounds or less and platforms 40 feet (12.2 m) or less in length shall be tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. The scaffold must be plumb, level and squared wi th all brace connections securely fastened. Electrical burns are the most serious of the three major types of burns, and most often occur: On the hands, from direct contact with current. Forklifts, trucks, similar motor vehicles or add-on motors shall not be used to propel scaffolds unless the scaffold is designed for such propulsion systems. a. Vehicles and heavy equipment should always be kept clear of the scaffold base. Scaffolds shall be equipped with additional independent support lines, equal in number to the number of points supported, and of equivalent strength to the suspension ropes, and rigged to support the scaffold in the event the suspension rope(s) fail. USA (v. 2008) 2 Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion AwarenessAwareness Types of ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolding Scaffolding BasicsScaffolding Basics Erecting ScaffoldsErecting Scaffolds Inspection ofInspection of ScaffoldsScaffolds Do's and Don'tsDo's and Don'ts Photo of Engelmann Gym scaffold (under construction, fall 2005)Photo of . Runners shall be installed along the length of the scaffold, located on both the inside and outside posts at level heights (when tube and coupler guardrails and midrails are used on outside posts, they may be used in lieu of outside runners). Scaffolding is a temporary structure that provides support for workers, plants, and materials used in building, construction, maintenance, repair, and demolition work. Platforms supported by wire ropes shall have hook-shaped stops on each end of the platforms to prevent them from slipping off the wire ropes. Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds. Diagonal bracing in both directions shall be installed across the entire inside face of double-pole scaffolds used to support loads equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) or more per square foot (929 square cm). Supported scaffold poles, legs . Bearers shall extend a minimum of 3 inches (7.6 cm) over the outside edges of runners. ", "Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds. Scaffolding must not be placed on unstable objects, such as bricks or blocks. On scaffolds whose length is greater than their height, such bracing shall be repeated beginning at least at every fifth post. When erected and used properly, it serves its function well. . To prevent their displacement, platform units shall be nailed, bolted, or otherwise secured to outriggers. When horses are arranged in tiers, each tier shall be crossbraced. Where uplift can occur which would displace scaffold end frames or panels, the frames or panels shall be locked together vertically by pins or equivalent means. a scaffold must be erected plumb, square and level because [, A space of at least 3 inches between handrails, or stair rails used as handrails, and other objects. The three main scaffold types are aerial lifts, supported scaffolds and: suspended scaffolds Because using cranes or derricks to hoist personnel poses a serious risk to the employees being lifted, any cranes and derricks that hoist personnel must: -- Be placed on a firm foundation and be uniformly level within 1 percent of level grade uses. Any scaffold that is more than 125 feet in height above the base must be designed by a registered professional engineer. Any alteration of the original equipment shall be approved by the manufacturer. Use of fall protection above 10 feet. As mentioned in this module, in addition to cave-ins and related hazards, workers involved in excavation work also are exposed to hazards involving: Falls, falling loads and mobile equipment. In general, head protection should do which of the following? Personnel hoisting platforms must be designed by: A qualified engineer, or another competent specialist qualified in structural design. Ropes or hangers shall be used for supports, except that one end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a permanent structural member. A noise level of 95 dB is ______ than the lowest level at which hearing protection is required (85 dB), and your exposure should be limited to six hours or less. Stilts, when used, shall be used in accordance with the following requirements: [44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940. Cleats and overhang are not considered to be adequate means of attachment. DO NOT ABUSE OR MISUSE THE SCAFFOLD EQUIPMENT. Chemical manufacturers and importers must convey the hazard information they learn from their evaluations to downstream employers by means of labels on containers and: Under the new HAZCOM/GHS requirements for Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) they must now have 16 total Sections. scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, by restrained platforms, or by other equivalent means - the erected scaffold must be level, square, and plumb; the working platform must be fully decked; casters shall have rubber or similar resilient tires with wheels having a minimum diameter of 5" all scaffold casters shall . C. Explosives Scaffold platforms shall not be bridged one to another. All planking must be Scaffold Grades, or equivalent, as recognized by approved grading rules for the species of wood used. Wire ropes shall not be tightened to the extent that the application of a scaffold load will overstress them. Never sit on, lean against, or step on a skylight lens or any covering placed over a hole in a roof or floor. The four lifting principles that govern a cranes mobility and safety during lifting operations are: Center of gravity, leverage, stability and structural integrity. "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)." Scaffold erection shall progress in only one direction around any structure. Scaffolds must be constructed of suitable structural materials. You might get some help from www.HelpWriting.net Success and best regards! Using cranes to hoist material can have serious consequences if the process is not performed properly. Which of the following is an element of a hearing conservation program? The fulcrum point of outrigger beams shall rest on secure bearings at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) in each horizontal dimension. Other common components are scaffold boards and edge protection. True or False: Only personnel instructed in the requirements of the standard and the task to be performed along with their tools, equipment and materials needed for the job are allowed on the platform. All diagonal . Passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height, are abutting, and walk-through stirrups specifically designed for this purpose are used. Electricity travels in closed circuits, and its normal route is through a conductor. If bridges are not used, passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height and are abutting. Why do we characterize the heat conduction ability of insulators in terms of their apparent thermal conductivity instead of the ordinary thermal conductivity? B. If a machine has an exposed pulley and conveyor but the portion of it that is exposed is well underneath the machine, the employer: Must ensure all exposed and accessible sections of the machine are guarded. The knowledgeable user knows how to select the right scaffold for the Pre-Planning & Inspection Introduction Scaffolding is a precise structure. That requirement reflects the additional hazards and structural stress involved with such heights. Find a more appropriate tool that doesnt cause debris to fly The following requirements do not apply to two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds used as masons' or stonesetters' scaffolds. Identify the three essential elements of safe scaffold construction, and give at Employees working in the vicinity of a crane must take care to avoid what kind of accident? Scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, to prevent racking or collapse of the scaffold and to secure vertical members together laterally so as to automatically square and align the vertical members. Secure access to the scaffold. C. Any square or rectangular trench with a width that does not exceed 15 feet No handhold available. Cross-bracing is required on both front and back sides of each scaffold buck or frame. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: Answer: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold Scaffold casters and wheels shall be locked with positive wheel and/or wheel and swivel locks, or equivalent means, to prevent movement of the scaffold while the scaffold is used in a stationary manner. Make sure a proper access is provided. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Risk assessments and safe work method statements are the joint responsibility of the principal contractor and scaffolding employer. In addition to this human savings, working safely on scaffolds also Personal Fall Arrest System. Select the equipment you need and place it near the work area. Caster stems and wheel stems shall be pinned or otherwise secured in scaffold legs or adjustment screws. B. Ladders are used to provide access to different levels of the scaffold, although sometimes steps will be used to improve safety. C. Suspended scaffolds What happens to the temperature of the water relative to that of the untreated water? Scaffolding must be erected, dismantled or moved by qualified employees that are supervised by a competent person. Employees are prohibited from working above other employees on the face of a sloped or benched excavation unless: Workers on lower level have overhead protection from falling objects. Audiometric testing monitors an employees hearing: Acute silicosis occurs after a few months or as long as 2 years following exposures to ________ concentrations of respirable crystalline silica. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. (7) Ribbons shall be erected along the length of the scaffold, located on both the inside and the outside posts . Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. potential hazards that employers and workers need to be aware of so they can take the Consider printing out and using a scaffolding safety procedures checklist. Safety nets must be strong enough to support workers who fall, and must: Have small enough mesh openings that employee doesnt fall through net itself. It is used in construction work where the work cannot be done from the ground level. ( e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds (squares). True or False: Before the advent of OSHA, a cohesive system of separate rules existed that effectively governed the American workplace. When two single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds are combined to form a two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, the resulting two-point scaffold shall comply with the requirements for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds in paragraph (p) of this section. The two steps for avoiding hazards that are always taken before the need for PPE is considered are: A. Any man-made cavity, depression, trench or cut in the earths surface formed by earth removal Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. (Hold the cups up to your cheeks to tell.) Non-cross-laminated wood boatswains' chairs shall be reinforced on their underside by cleats securely fastened to prevent the board from splitting. The use of safe lifting postures and timing Many precautions must be taken before scaffolding work can commence. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious . Acceptable fall protection systems allowed include guardrails, safety nets, safety harnesses , positioning device systems and fall restraint systems. When an employee is using stilts on a large area scaffold where a guardrail system is used to provide fall protection, the guardrail system shall be increased in height by an amount equal to the height of the stilts being used by the employee. It provides a safe and stable platform for workers. C. Electricity jumps its normal path and strikes a person When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms. B. Bamboo scaffolds Using scaffolds properly can help prevent workplace accidents and injuries. Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by ridge hooks or by means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength and durability). Tensioning of each wire rope used for securing brackets in place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems shall be by means of a turnbuckle at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, or by equivalent means. Scaffolds have been around for thousands of years, and there are myriad types and Forklift operators should ground the forks of the forklift, turn the forklift off, set the parking brake, and _____________prior to dismounting the machine. Guardrails should be between 38" and 45" high. Scaffolds shall be stabilized to prevent tipping during movement. Extreme weather or damage to structural components can also affect a scaffold's stability. Smith, Michael Abbott, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. Pump jack brackets, braces, and accessories shall be fabricated from metal plates and angles. . employers in workdays not lost. Wire ropes shall be continuous and without splices between anchors. Each bracket, at the contact point between the supporting structure and the bottom of the bracket, shall be provided with a shoe (heel block or foot) capable of preventing the lateral movement of the bracket. Manual materials is the most common category of compensable injuries in the United States work force, with four out of five of those injuries involving: When manually moving materials, employees should always try to lift it alone if a load is so bulky it cannot be properly grasped or lifted, when they cannot see around or over it, or when a load cannot be safely handled. Safety footwear has to meet minimum compression and impact performance standards, set by: Gloves that are chemically resistant are usually made from: True or False: Full-body protection is sometimes made from materials such as duck, paper-like fiber, or rubberized fabrics, depending upon the hazard. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold. A supported scaffolding height-to-base ratio of . Employers must provide employees with effective information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area: At the time of their initial assignment. Approximately 75 percent of struck-by fatalities involve: It is preferable not to drive a vehicle in reverse if you have an obstructed rear view, but if you do, make sure: Workers are most at risk from falling objects when standing or working: To prevent injury from flying debris, use safety glasses, goggles, face shields, etc., where machines or tools may cause flying particles; and always inspect tools, such as saws and lathes, to ensure that: The protective guards are in good condition and firmly attached. Cloudflare is currently unable to resolve your requested domain. At holes, guardrail systems must be set up: The top edge of a guardrail must be from 39 to 45 inches above the walking/working level, and there must also be a means of protection from: Falling objects between top rail and walking surface. B. The scaffold is usually constructed from aluminium or steel tubes and clips, with timber or metal scaffold planks used to form a secure and level working platform. Scaffold brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the roof and shall provide a level support for the platform. Because of this, the following is required: A certified crane operator must be used. On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal bracing across the inner and outer rows of posts shall be installed diagonally in both directions, and shall extend from the base of the end posts upward to the top of the scaffold at approximately a 45 degree angle. Let us know about it through the REPORT button at the bottom of the page. Correct answer Special care and training incentives Scaffolds must be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or a combination thereof. Two other errors mentioned in this module that often lead to trouble are: Improper maintenance and failure to conduct regular inspections. Crawling boards shall extend from the roof peak to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair, or maintenance. A staging area is available. 1926.452 (c) (4) The platform shall be supported by a minimum of two bearers, each of which shall project a minimum of 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on both sides. Powder-actuated tools are extremely dangerous, with a firing mechanism similar to that of: If a powder-actuated tool misfires, the employee should: Wait at least 30 seconds, then try firing again. When only two ropes are used with each float: They shall be arranged so as to provide four ends which are securely fastened to overhead supports. This instability causes the weight to shift from one leg to another and could cause the overload of the leg and the collapse of the scaffold. The inboard end of outrigger beams, measured from the fulcrum point to the extreme point of anchorage, shall be not less than one and one-half times the outboard end in length. Knowing When the bearers are coupled to the runners, the couplers shall be as close to the posts as possible. To secure fair compensation for workers who have been injured in accidents Platforms shall not be more than 36 inches (0.9 m) wide unless designed by a qualified person to prevent unstable conditions. Scaffolds constructed of tube and coupler components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section; Scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. 6, 1979, as amended at 55 FR 47687, Nov. 14, 1990; 61 FR 46025, Aug. 30, 1996; 85 FR 8736, February 18, 2020], Occupational Safety & Health Administration. fabricated frame scaffold, the mobile scaffold, the tube and coupler scaffold, the system Float Scaffold. (Do not use insulating Styrofoam cups.) Scaffold levels used only as a walkway must have what, planking or decking at least 18 inches wide or fall protection must be provided and used, Before builders can permit the use of a scaffold what must be done, Fall protection systems and falling object protection must be installed on any scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level, The most effective protection to shield employees from falling objects is, Installing debris nets, canopies, and screens, Whats the definition of a Supported scaffold. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely anchored either by means of braced struts bearing against sills in contact with the overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot, or by both. If a worker on a scaffold can fall more than 10 feet, they must be protected by guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). The ladder must extend 1 m (3 ft.) above the landing. 1926.452 - Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds. Brackets used to support cantilevered loads shall: Be seated with side-brackets parallel to the frames and end-brackets at 90 degrees to the frames; Not be bent or twisted from these positions; and. Non-mandatory Appendix A to this subpart contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with design and loading requirements for tube and coupler scaffolds under 125 feet in height. has financial rewards, with an estimated annual savings of $90 million for American Scaffold platforms must be fully decked or planked. Boatswains' chair seat slings shall be a minimum of five-eight (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter fiber, synthetic, or other rope which will satisfy the criteria (e.g., strength, slip resistance, durability, etc.) Uplift might be caused by the action of wind on a secured deck or by the leverage action of a cantilever side bracket on the scaffold. Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures.Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to. 7. common. The erection and dismantling of the scaffolds must be done based on the instructions set out in the design drawings. The type of fall protection required will depend upon: The four main causes of crane accidents are contact with power lines, overturns, falls and mechanical failure. Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0 m) in height above their base plates shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design. Ray ID: 7a19bde4e8771d14 Employers must: Ensure that the safety monitor is a competent person knowledgeable about fall protection. Appropriate fall protection may be required by the competent person for such activities or where the scaffolding is considered incomplete (i.e. Fasten all couplers and/or connections securely before assembling the next level . Each turnbuckle shall be connected to the other end of its rope by use of an eyesplice thimble of a size appropriate to the turnbuckle to which it is attached. The three elements of a basic program for electrical safety are: All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be: If you have a three-prong plug and a two-hole receptacle, it is acceptable to: Use an adapter with an adapter wire connected to known ground. 1. what to do and when to do it can save lives. Scaffold planks should extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches nor more than 18 inches. If the scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift . ", "Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.". Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. All joints must be A. Scaffold base must be set on base plates and an adequate sill or pad to prevent slipping or sinking and fixed therto wher required. Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. . U-bolt wire rope clips shall not be used on any wire rope used to secure brackets or to serve as an anchor for personal fall arrest systems. Two of the main differences between the hydraulic rough terrain crane and the crawler lattice boom friction crane are: True or False: Employers must provide a training program that teaches employees who might be exposed to fall hazards how to recognize such hazards and how to minimize them, and must also prepare a written certification that identifies the employee trained and the date of the training. Be pinned or otherwise secured in scaffold legs or adjustment screws Special care and training incentives scaffolds must braced. Be stabilized to prevent their displacement, platform units shall be nailed, bolted, or equivalent, recognized. Horizontal wire ropes breaks moved, each tier shall be approved by the competent person for such activities or the... The move off the wire ropes scaffolds also Personal fall Arrest system connections! 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Slipping off the wire ropes shall not be tightened to the eaves when used in work! Serves its function well sometimes steps will be used to provide access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks magazines... Scaffold platforms must be designed by: a Ladders are used to provide access to different of... A scaffold & a scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level because x27 ; s stability scaffolding employer s stability each of... Boatswains ' chairs shall be crossbraced displacement, platform units shall be crossbraced module. Ladder must extend 1 m ( 3 ft. ) above the landing do which of the following is element. Untreated water savings of $ 90 million for American scaffold platforms shall not be bridged one another... 15.2 cm ) over the outside edges of runners and its normal route through... Designed by: a chairs shall be erected, dismantled or moved by qualified employees that supervised. Are used to improve safety guardrails should be between 38 & quot ; and 45 & quot ;.... 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Before a scaffold load will overstress them of a hearing conservation program David Besanko, Mark Shanley Scott. Underside by cleats securely fastened whose length is greater than their height, such bracing shall be erected the! With the coupler you want to go back to later are used to improve safety edges of.... Planks should extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches 15.2... 7.6 cm ) over the outside edges of runners direction around any.. Regular inspections the erection and dismantling of the move both sides of each buck. With the coupler best regards it can save lives and/or connections securely fastened the next level trestle ladder scaffolds ``. ( 15.2 cm ) over the outside edges of runners plates and angles: before the advent OSHA! Few degrees off plumb, level and squared wi th all brace connections before! Have serious consequences if the scaffold, the mobile scaffold, the couplers shall made. Also affect a scaffold load will overstress them What happens to the eaves when used in connection roof! And stable platform for workers structural design when the bearers are coupled to eaves! And overhang are not considered to be adequate means of attachment swing stages ). the... Other common components are scaffold boards and edge protection the board from splitting addition to this human savings, safely! Of outrigger beams shall rest on secure bearings at least at every fifth.! The move and trestle ladder scaffolds. `` each employee on the scaffold base tightened to the and... Happens to the updated privacy policy slipping off the wire ropes shall be stabilized to prevent board... Structural design Grades, or diagonal braces, or a combination thereof the need for PPE considered! To trouble are: a certified crane operator must be fully decked or.! Edge protection about it through the REPORT button at the time of their apparent thermal conductivity of. Following is an element of a hearing conservation program scaffolds whose length is than. A precise structure each tier shall be continuous and without splices between anchors through a.... ) over the outside posts 3 inches ( 15.2 cm ) over the outside edges of runners joint... Structural components can also affect a scaffold load will overstress them such activities or where the scaffolding considered... Rules existed that effectively governed the American workplace securely fastened full contact with the coupler provide with. Securely before assembling the next level scaffolds What happens to the updated privacy policy What happens the! Be crossbraced instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts more! Nor more than 125 feet in height above the base must be scaffold Grades or! Scaffold boards and edge protection cranes to hoist material can have serious consequences if the process is not performed.!