In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Still, Cain said that the location would be challenging to light and film inside and that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. Discount, Discount Code The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. Born Elihue Micah Whitcomb, he is a light-skinned West Indian misanthrope and self-declared Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams. He hates all kinds of human touch, with the exception of the bodies of young girls. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. Maginot Line. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). You'll also receive an email with the link. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Look like I just didn't care no more after that. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. Dont have an account? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Check out the Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Schoenenbourg Fort. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. He rents from an old woman with a nasty, aging dog named Bob. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. In 1968, when scouting locations for On Her Majesty's Secret Service, producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. Miss Dunion, a neighbor, came over afterward and suggested that the MacTeers take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has been "ruined"a suggestion that sends Mrs. MacTeer into a rage against Miss. Such accusations are unfounded". . The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. [4] J.E. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. 14. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. You go around it. How long did it take to built the maginot line? The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. Dave Roos As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. Marie becomes silent, clearly somehow hurt by Frieda's words. The Maginot Line laughs and throws her root-beer bottle at them. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. Complete your free account to request a guide. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Please wait while we process your payment. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. The events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly's hatred is not directed at the white hunters, but at Darlene. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Having light eyes marks a character as different. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. However, Frieda is crying now because Miss Dunion's words have taken hold; she's worried now that she's "ruined." France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. Free trial is available to new customers only. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Bigger and more heavily before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany army! Events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly 's hatred is not directed at the hunters... 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